Resumo Introdução A esclerose lateral amiotrófica é a doença do neurônio motor mais comum nos adultos, a despeito da baixa incidência e da raridade. É uma doença neurodegenerativa na qual a disfagia é um sintoma comum e debilitante. A disfagia pode ser avaliada por exames complementares como a videoendoscopia da deglutição e testes de força de língua, uma vez que se trata de um dos principais músculos envolvidos na deglutição. Objetivo Comparar os resultados da força e resistência da língua aferidos pelo Iowa Oral Performance Instrument com os achados do exame à videoendoscopia da deglutição, em pacientes acometidos por esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Método Estudo transversal, feito em um hospital terciário especializado em tratamento e reabilitação. Vinte e cinco pacientes com diagnóstico de esclerose lateral amiotrófica foram submetidos a questionários de disfagia, exame de videoendoscopia da deglutição e teste de força e resistência de língua com o Iowa Oral Performance Instrument para avaliar a presença de disfagia. Resultado Quarenta e oito por cento da amostra apresentavam disfagia à videoendoscopia da deglutição e 76% apresentavam teste de força de língua alterado. Noventa por cento dos pacientes com disfagia apresentaram pressão de língua média inferior a 34,2 KPa. O teste de força de língua apresentou sensibilidade de 91,67% e especificidade de 38,46% e acurácia de 64%. Houve relação estatisticamente significante entre força da língua e disfagia e entre resistência da língua e disfagia. Conclusão Testes de força de língua, como o Iowa Oral Performance Instrument, mostrou‐se eficaz para avaliar disfagia, mostrou sua associação com a força e resistência da língua. Esse resultado deve fomentar a feitura de novas pesquisas para facilitar o diagnóstico precoce da disfagia.

Abstract Introduction Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is the most common motor neuron disease in adults despite it being rare. It is a neurodegenerative disease in which dysphagia is a common and debilitating symptom. Dysphagia can be assessed by complementary exams, such as fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and the tongue strength test, as this is one of the main muscles involved in swallowing. Objective To compare the results of tongue strength and endurance measured by the Iowa oral performance instrument with the findings of the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing examination in patients affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Methods Cross-sectional study, carried out in a tertiary hospital specialized in treatment and rehabilitation. Twenty-five patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis underwent dysphagia questionnaires, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing examination and tongue strength and resistance test with the Iowa oral performance instrument to assess the presence of dysphagia. Results Forty-eight percent of the sample had dysphagia at the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and 76% had an altered tongue strength test. Ninety percent of patients with dysphagia had an average tongue pressure lower than 34.2 KPa. The tongue strength test showed sensitivity of 91.67% and specificity of 38.46% and accuracy of 64%. There was a statistically significant relationship between tongue strength and dysphagia and between tongue resistance and dysphagia. Conclusion Tongue strength tests, such as the Iowa oral performance instrument, proved to be effective in assessing dysphagia. This result should encourage further research to facilitate the early diagnosis of dysphagia.

Abstract Introduction Palatine and pharyngeal tonsils are the first line of defense against pathogens. Clinically, two alterations may require surgical removal of the tonsils: hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis. The two conditions probably result from a dysfunction of the immune system. Objective To evaluate possible differences in the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients submitted to adenotonsillectomy. Methods Prospective, longitudinal study with 25 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy separated into 3 different groups: recurrent tonsillitis (RT), composed of 7 patients; recurrent hypertrophy tonsillitis (RTTH), with 8 patients; and the tonsillar hypertrophy (TH) group, with 10 patients. Ten healthy control children (SD) were also included in the study. Peripheral blood was collected, and plasma was separated to measure the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. The Mann-Whitney test was used for statistical analysis. Results The plasma level of IL-6 was higher in the RT (p= 0.0394) and TH (p= 0.0009) groups, compared with the control group. The TH group also had higher levels of IL-6 than the RT group (p= 0.039). The IL-6/IL-10 ratio was higher in the RT (p= 0.029) and TH (p= 0.0005) groups compared with the control group. Between the RT and RTTH groups, the IL-6/IL-10 ratio was higher in the RT group, with a statistically significant difference (p= 0.0091). Conclusion Patients with a history of chronic tonsillitis had higher levels of IL-6, compared with the control group.

Resumo Desde um foco que parte da nova história política, este trabalho analisa e sistematiza as principais contribuições provenientes das ciências sociais referidas ao conhecimento da história recente da província de Santa Fe, Argentina. Centramo-nos, particularmente, nas produções do período da transição democrática até a atualidade (1983-2020), para destacar as principais linhas de investigação, suas contribuições ao campo e as vagas observadas. O artigo, organiza-se em três eixos: o estudo dos sistemas eleitorais e do sistema político provincial, as contribuições que tratam sobre as características e dinâmicas de interação dos diferentes atores político partidários, e as contribuições sobre outros atores sociais em interação com o sistema político local. O objetivo é oferecer um panorama completo e exaustivo que de conta da literatura relativa e da história política recente de Santa Fé.

Resumen Desde un enfoque anclado en la nueva historia política, el presente trabajo analiza y sistematiza los principales aportes provenientes de las ciencias sociales referidos al conocimiento de la historia reciente de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. Nos centramos en particular en las producciones que abordan el período que va desde la transición democrática hasta la actualidad (1983-2020), para destacar las principales líneas de investigación, sus contribuciones al campo y las vacancias observadas. El artículo se organiza en torno a tres ejes: el estudio de los sistemas electorales y del sistema político provincial, las contribuciones que abordan las características y dinámicas de interacción de los distintos actores político-partidarios, y los aportes sobre otros actores sociales en interacción con el sistema político local. El objetivo es brindar un panorama completo y exhaustivo que dé cuenta de la literatura relativa a la historia política reciente de Santa Fe.

Abstract This work, grounded in the perspective of new political history, analyzes and systematizes the most relevant contributions from the social sciences to the knowledge of Santa Fe (Argentina) province’s recent history. We particularly focus on works that deal with the period that goes from the democratic transition to the present day (1983-2020), highlighting the most important lines of work, their contributions to the field and the observed vacancies. The article is organized around three central issues: the study of the province’s electoral and political systems; works dealing with the characteristics and interplay dynamics between political-partisan actors; and contributions regarding other social actors as they relate to the local political system. The purpose of our work is to present a complete and thorough outlook of the current knowledge available regarding Santa Fe’s recent political history.

Resumen Introducción: La infección de vías urinarias (IVU) es una de las patologías infecciosas más frecuentes en la población pediátrica. No existen datos actualizados disponibles en la literatura sobre los patógenos responsables de las IVU complicadas y no complicadas en niños y sus perfiles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio ni en la ciudad de Bogotá. Objetivo: Realizar una caracterización demográfica y clínica de los pacientes pediátricos con IVU, y una caracterización microbiológica y del patrón de resistencia de sus principales agentes etiológicos. Diseño del estudio: Estudio transversal que incluyó todos los pacientes pediátricos menores de 10 años con IVU confirmada por urocultivo que consultaron a nuestra institución entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2017. Se utilizó Redcap para el registro de datos correspondientes a variables demográficas, manifestaciones clínicas, microorganismos aislados, antibiogramas, complicaciones y tasa de recurrencia. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de los datos. Resultados: Se obtuvo un registro de 675 pacientes menores de 10 años con IVU. La mayoría eran niñas, tenían 2 años o menos y presentaron fiebre como signo cardinal de la infección. Una comorbilidad relevante en la población fue el estreñimiento y el 15,3 % de los niños presentaba alguna malformación del tracto urinario. El 3,5 % de los pacientes tenía antecedente de intervención quirúrgica urológica previa y el 73,2 % de los niños estaba cursando con el primer episodio de IVU. El 98,4 % de las infecciones fueron adquiridas en la comunidad e independiente de su origen el agente aislado con más frecuencia fue la Escherichia coli (73 %). Los patrones de resistencia más frecuentes fueron productores de penicilinasa (41,5 %) seguido de multisensibles (32,1 %) y resistentes a cefalosporinas (26 %). En cuanto al tratamiento establecido, se utilizaron cefalosporinas en el 92 % de los casos; principalmente de primera generación (61 %) y de tercera (38 %). Conclusiones: Se obtuvieron resultados similares a los presentados en estudios anteriores en Bogotá y el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Durante el periodo 2014-2017 y en comparación con los 6 años anteriores, la sensibilidad de Escherichia coli a las cefalosporinas de primera generación se mantuvo estable, lo que indica que sigue siendo una opción de tratamiento viable en nuestro caso, de acuerdo con el perfil de resistencia local.

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent infectious diseases in the pediatric population. There is no updated data available in literature of the pathogens responsible for complicated and uncomplicated UTI in children and their antimicrobial resistance profiles at the San Ignacio University Hospital or in the city of Bogotá. Objective: To carry out a demographic and clinical characterization of pediatric patients with UTI and a microbiological characterization of the resistance pattern of its main etiological agents. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with all pediatric patients under ten years of age with UTI confirmed by urine culture who came to our institution between January 2014 and December 2017. Redcap was used to register data corresponding to demographic variables, clinical manifestations, isolated microorganisms with their antibiograms, complications, and recurrence rate of UTI. Subsequently, a data analysis was performed. Results: A registry of 675 patients under ten years of age with urinary tract infection was obtained. The majority were females, two years old or younger and had fever as the cardinal sign of infection. A relevant comorbidity was constipation, and 15.3% of the children had a urinary tract malformation. Three-point five percent had a history of previous urological surgical intervention and 73.2% were experiencing their first UTI episode. Ninety-eight-point four percent of the infections were community acquired and, regardless of their origin, the most common isolated agent was Escherichia coli (73%). The most frequent resistance patterns were penicillinase-producing (41.5%), followed by multi-sensitive (32.1%) and cephalosporins resistance (26%). Regarding the treatment established, cephalosporins were used in 92% of the cases, especially of first (61%) and third (38%) generation. Conclusions: We obtained similar results to those found in older studies in Bogotá and the San Ignacio University Hospital. Characterizing our population showed us that, through 2014–2017 and compared to the previous six years, the sensitivity of Escherichia coli to first-generation cephalosporins was stable, which indicates they are still a viable treatment option in our case, according to the local resistance profile.

ABSTRACT Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare and affect mainly men between the fourth and sixth decades of life. The clinic is characterized to be nonspecific and the main complaints or findings related to this disease are: cervical mass, aural dysfunction, and headache. The basis of treatment is radiotherapy that involves a wide field of irradiation of normal tissues, which usually generates sequelae with direct implications for quality of life. We report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy that evolved, after 8 years, into supraglottic stenosis. We emphasize the relevance of clinical follow-up after radiotherapy, particularly due to the late sequelae and the relevance of using radiotherapy devices with a more focal cancer field, in order to minimize complications.

Abstract Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a prevalent pathology. The need for medical or surgical treatment depends on the severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms. The gold standard for surgical treatment is bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (B-TURP). Objective: To evaluate the different surgical techniques, comparing their efficacy and safety in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was carried out through a search of five databases: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Science Direct, and GreyNet. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized clinical trials published from 2006 to 2016 were evaluated to determine the efficacy and safety of the surgical techniques for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results: A total of 2505 articles were selected by title and abstract and the complete texts of 94 of those articles were reviewed. The different surgical techniques encountered were monopolar TURP, bipolar TURP, open prostatectomy, plasma vaporization, laser techniques, and minimally invasive ablation techniques. The majority of the articles compared bipolar TURP (the gold standard) vs other surgical methods, focusing on clinical outcomes based on the IPSS, Qmax, PVR, and QoL instruments. The results were similar among all the techniques. Conclusions: Bipolar TURP is the most widely practiced technique for benign prostatic hyperplasia management and has good results, compared with monopolar TURP. Results are similar between the bipolar TURP, HOLEP, ThuLEP, Greenlight laser, and TUMT modalities. The choice of surgical technique is dependent on the expertise of the surgeon and the characteristics of each patient. The results of the present review are heterogeneous, making further study necessary.

Resumen Introducción: La hiperplasia prostática benigna HPB es una patología prevalente. Dependiendo de la severidad del tracto urinario bajo se define la necesidad del manejo médico o quirúrgico, el cual tiene como patrón de oro, la resección transuretral de la próstata por sistema bipolar TURP-B. Objetivo: Evaluar las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas para comparar su eficacia y seguridad en el tratamiento de hiperplasia prostática benigna. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura, corriendo una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Science Direct y Greynet. Se evaluaron metaanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados determinando la eficacia y seguridad de las técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de HPB entre los años 2006 al año 2016. Resultados: A partir de 2505 artículos escogidos por título y resumen, 94 artículos fueron escogidos para revisión del texto completo. Se encontraron diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas: TURP por método monopolar o bipolar, prostatectomía abierta, vaporización del plasma, técnicas laser, técnicas ablativas mínimamente invasivas. La mayoría de los artículos compara TURP-B (patrón de oro) vs. otros métodos quirúrgicos, enfocándose en desenlaces clínicos basados en escalas de IPSS score, Qmax, PVR y QoL, observándose resultados similares entre todas las técnicas. Conclusiones: TURP-B es la técnica más practicada para el manejo de HPB, con buenos resultados en comparación con TURP-M. Resultados similares TURP-B con HoLEP, ThuLEP, Greenlight láser, TUMT. La decisión de la técnica quirúrgica será elegida según la experticia del cirujano y las características de cada paciente. Los resultados aquí presentados son heterogéneos y hacen necesario mayor investigación.

Abstract: Ever since the ‘Cambiemos’ (We Change) political coalition took power in Argentina in 2015, a change has been observed in the country’s official integrationist discourse: a reassessment has been made of the economic-commercial context, once again raising the need to establish agreements with other economic blocs and countries in order to stimulate regional trade. Moreover, relations within the economic bloc have also been modified, leading to Venezuela's growing isolation and its eventual suspension. However, official government discourse has continued to highlight the importance of regional integration and of Mercosur as a platform for the insertion of Argentina and the region in the international market. In terms of this scenario, it is relevant to analyze how this redefinition of integration has been carried out, and not forgetting that decisions within Mercosur are taken by consensus and unanimously. Likewise, it is important to assess as to whether integrationist policies in Argentina have been able to withstand the changes in political signals being issued by the government. The research methodology used in this study was qualitative and based on discourse and content analysis. The sources of information were official speeches referencing Mercosur and regulations approved at the regional level in 2016.

Resumen: Desde la asunción de Cambiemos al gobierno de Argentina en 2015, se observó un cambio en el discurso integracionista oficial: se revalorizó la dimensión económico-comercial y se volvió a plantear la necesidad de establecer acuerdos con otros bloques y países para revitalizar el comercio regional. Asimismo, se modificaron las relaciones al interior del bloque, con un creciente aislamiento de Venezuela, lo que derivó en su suspensión. Sin embargo, el discurso oficial gubernamental siguió destacando la importancia de la integración regional y del MERCOSUR como plataforma para la inserción de Argentina y de la región en el mercado internacional. En esta línea, es relevante analizar cómo se ha intentado llevar a la práctica esa redefinición de la integración, considerando que las decisiones al interior del MERCOSUR se toman por consenso y de forma unánime. De igual manera es importante evaluar si las políticas integracionistas en Argentina han sido capaces de superar el cambio en el signo político del gobierno. La metodología de trabajo fue cualitativa y se basó en el análisis de discurso y de contenido. Las fuentes de información fueron los discursos oficiales vinculados al MERCOSUR y las normas aprobadas a nivel regional en el año 2016.

Abstract Benign prostatic hyperplasia affects 50% of the population and is more frequent in the seventh and eighth decades of life. There are currently different treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia and pharmacologic management is considered first-line treatment. The aim of the present study was to conduct a literature review related to the pharmacologic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia, utilizing the following 5 databases: Medline, Embase, Central, Scopus, and Lilacs. Only the clinical studies that evaluated the efficacy of the different drugs employed for the symptomatic management of the patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia were included. A total of 1595 references were reviewed by title and abstract, and 49 final references were selected for complete text review. The medications identified were: tamsulosin, alfuzosin, doxazosin, silodosin, dutasteride, finasteride, fesoterodine, tadalafil, sildenafil, and naftopidil. In addition, studies on phytotherapy that evaluated the effectiveness of Serenoa repens were included. The majority of the therapeutic options appear to be effective for the treatment of urinary symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia and the results identified are in accordance with the recommendations of the latest clinical practice guidelines. The choice of a first-line medication depends on the treating physician who must consider both the possible adverse events and the preferences of the patient.

Resumen La hiperplasia prostática benigna afecta a 50% de la población en todo el mundo, principalmente a pacientes de 70-80 años de edad. Actualmente existen diferentes tratamientos para pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna; sin embargo, el farmacológico se considera el de primera línea. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el tratamiento farmacológico de la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Para la investigación se revisaron las bases de datos y repositorios: Medline, Embase, Central, Scopus y Lilacs. Solo se incluyeron, únicamente, estudios clínicos que evaluaron la eficacia de los diferentes fármacos indicados a pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna. Se registraron 1595 referencias revisadas por título y resumen, pero solo se seleccionaron 49 para la revisión de texto completo. Los medicamentos identificados fueron: tamsulosina, alfusosina, doxazosina, silodosina, dutasterida, finasterida, fesoterodina, tadalafilo, sildenafilo y naftopidilo. Además, se encontraron estudios de fitoterapia, que evaluaron la eficacia de Serenoa repens. La mayor parte de los medicamentos son efectivos para el tratamiento de los síntomas urinarios provocados por la hiperplasia prostática benigna. Los resultados coinciden con las recomendaciones de las últimas guías de práctica clínica. La elección del medicamento de primera línea depende del médico tratante, quien debe considerar, principalmente, los posibles eventos adversos y las preferencias del paciente.

Resumen:El presente artículo describe los resultados del estudio que tuvo como objetivo evaluar el diseño, implementación y desarrollo de la estructura curricular de la formación pedagógica de las carreras de educación de una universidad pública, en el marco de la implementación de la formación por competencias en la educación superior en Chile. La metodología utilizada consideró un enfoque cualitativo y diseño de estudio de caso. La muestra estuvo conformada por 8 directores de carreras, 12 académicos y 64 estudiantes de las carreras señaladas. Para la recopilación de datos se empleó fuentes documentales, entrevistas semi-estructuradas y grupos de discusión. Como técnica de análisis se optó por Análisis de Contenido temático mediante software QDA. Los hallazgos obtenidos indican la falta de conexión entre los distintos componentes del diseño curricular investigado, evidenciando inconsistencias estructurales y operativas. Las principales conclusiones advierten que los componentes curriculares de la formación pedagógica se estructuran de manera aislada en los procesos de renovación del currículum, evidenciando, principalmente, disonancias. Este estudio demostró que la propuesta curricular vigente, objeto de esta investigación, se configura escindida de los cambios y propósitos declarados. Esto plantea la necesidad de que las renovaciones curriculares vayan aparejadas de un sistema de gestión y monitoreo para la concreción y verificación de los procesos formativos, con el fin de detectar oportunamente las posibles inconsistencias o nudos críticos.

Abstract:The present article describes the results of the study that aimed to evaluate the design, implementation and development of the curricular structure of the pedagogical training of the educational careers of a public university, within the framework of the implementation of training by competences in the Higher Education in Chile. The methodology used considered a qualitative approach and case study design. The sample consisted of eight race directors, 12 academics and 64 students of the indicated careers. Documentary sources, semi-structured interviews and discussion groups were used for data collection. As analytical technique, thematic Content Analysis was chosen using QDA software. The obtained results indicate the lack of connection between the different components of the curricular design investigated, evidencing structural and operational inconsistencies. The main conclusions indicate that the curricular components of the pedagogical training are structured in an isolated way in the processes of renewal of the curriculum, evidencing, mainly, dissonances. This study demonstrated that the current curricular proposal, object of this research, is configured split of the declared changes and purposes. This raises the need for curricular renewals to be coupled with a management and monitoring system for the concretion and verification of training processes, in order to detect in a timely manner possible inconsistencies or critical nodes.

Este artigo promove o debate sobre uma área de estudos relativamente recente nos estudos das ciências sociais: os estudos da morte. As nossas identidades digitais são resultado da interacção entre o comportamento social e a tecnologia e sobrevivem aos nossos corpos biológicos. De que forma transpomos os nossos actos e rituais do quotidiano para o mundo digital? Que diferenças foram possibilitadas por essa transposição? De que modo a cultura participativa influenciou as relações de poder e democratizou o processo do luto? Como persistem as nossas identidades num contexto de aproximação à intemporalidade? Através desta análise, poderemos ver como os media sociais promovem a expansão temporal, espacial e social do luto público e dos rituais associados à morte, não de uma forma disruptiva com os meios sociais tradicionais, mas complementando-os, duma forma apenas possível na Era da Sociedade em Rede.

This article promotes the debate about a relatively recent area of study of social sciences: death studies. Our digital identities are the result of the interaction between our social behaviour and technology and survive our biological bodies. In what way do we transpose the daily acts and rituals to the digital world? What differences were allowed by this transposition? In what way did the participatory culture influence the power relations and democratise the mourning process? How do our identities persist in a timeless context? Through this analysis we will see how social media expand public mourning and death rituals in temporal, spatial and social ways, not in disruption with traditional social means but as a complement in a way only possible in the Network Society Age.

The article deals with the political preferences ofthe Partido dos Trabalhadores regarding Mercosur, identifying continuity and change between the years 2003-2010. Specifically, the importance that Mercosur holds for the party is considered, and how it relates with selected aspects of the country's foreign policy. This work is part of an ongoing investigation developed by the Center of Interdisciplinary Social Studies ofthe Litoral (CESIL), which aims to improve our understanding of the reasons why ruling political forces/parties that express intense political preferences favorable towards regional integration have only managed to advance in a limited way on a reformulation of Mercosur.

El artículo aborda las preferencias políticas del Partido de los Trabajadores (PT) con respecto al Mercosur, identificando continuidades y cambios entre los años 2003-2010. Específicamente, se considera la importancia que el Mercosur tiene para el partido y cómo se articula con aspectos seleccionados de la política exterior del país. El trabajo forma parte de una investigación en curso desarrollada en el Centro de Estudios Sociales Interdisciplinarios del Litoral, y pretende avanzar en la comprensión de las razones por las cuales fuerzas/partidos políticos gobernantes que expresan sostener intensas preferencias políticas a favor de la integración regional sólo hayan podido avanzar de forma limitada en la reformulación del Mercosur.

<title>ABSTRACT</title><sec><title>Objective:</title><p>To estimate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent urinary tract infection in patients (both gender) who undergo a cystoscopy with sterile urine.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>Search strategy (January 1980-December 2013) in Medline via PubMed, CENTRAL, and EMBASE. Additionally, we searched databases for registered trials and conference abstracts, as well as reference lists of systematic reviews and included studies. Seven published randomized clinical trials (January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2013) were included in quantitative analyses with no language restrictions. Two independent reviewers collected data. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. We performed a fixed effect analyses due to statistical homogeneity. The primary outcome was urinary tract infection and the secondary was asymptomatic bacteriuria. The effect measure was the risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence interval. The planned interventions were: Antibiotic vs placebo; Antibiotic vs no intervention and Antibiotic vs any other intervention.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>3038 patients were found in seven studies. For the primary outcome, we included 5 studies and we found a RR 0.53 CI95% (0.31, 0.90) and a RD-0.012 CI95% (-0.023,-0.002), favoring antibiotic prophylaxis. For asymptomatic bacteriuria we included 6 studies and we found a RR 0.28 CI95% (0.20, 0.39) and a RD-0.055 CI95% (-0.07,-0.039), was found favoring prophylaxis. According to GRADE evaluation, we considered moderate quality of evidence for both outcomes. The subgroup analysis showed that only two studies were classified as having low risk of bias: Cam 2009 and García-Perdomo 2013. They showed no statistical differences (RD-0.009 CI95% -0.03, 0.011).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Based on studies classified as low risk of bias, we found moderate evidence to not recommend the use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients who undergo cystoscopy with sterile urine in an ambulatory setting.</p></sec>

Este artigo argumenta sobre o nascimento do Panóptico¹ na Rússia absolutista do século XVIII, passando pelo seu percurso histórico, arquitectónico, teórico e social, terminando com a análise do conceito de Panóptico Digital, nos dias de hoje, na Federação Russa do século XXI. Entre outros tópicos, são abordados o nascimento do conceito e do projecto arquitectónico do Panóptico na Rússia (numa região que hoje pertence à República da Bielorrússia) pelas mãos e pensamento de Jeremy e Samuel Bentham, relacionando este nascimento com as condicionantes e o papel de poder da Igreja Ortodoxa no controlo social, o Panóptico na génese do pensamento moderno sobre a vigilância e a Teoria do Poder de Foucault, que relaciona o conceito de Panóptico com a dualidade poder/conhecimento e a análise da evolução e utilização do Panóptico na democracia musculada da Rússia da Era Digital.

This article argues about the birth of the Panopticon in absolutist Russia of the XVIII century, approaching its historical, architectural, theoretical and social course, ending with the analysis of the Digital Panopticon concept, nowadays, in the Russian Federation of the XXI century. Among other topics, the following will be discussed: the birth of the concept and the architectural design of the Panopticon in Russia (in a region which now belongs to the Republic of Belarus) through Jeremy and Samuel Bentham’s hands and thought, relating this birth to the constraints and the role of power in social control played by the Orthodox Church, the Panopticon in the genesis of modern thought on surveillance and the Theory of Power by Foucault, which relates the concept of the Panopticon with the power/knowledge duality and the analysis of the evolution and use of the Panopticon in Russia’s Digital Age muscled democracy.